An Object in Java Represents a Real-World Object

An Object in Java Represents a Real-World Object An object in Java  - and any other object-oriented language  - is the basic building block of all Java applications and represents any real-world object you might find around you: an apple, a cat, a car or a human. The two characteristics that an object always has are state and behavior. Consider a person object. Its state might include hair color, sex, height, and weight, but also feelings of anger, frustration or love. Its behavior could include walking, sleeping, cooking, working, or anything else that a person might do. Objects form the very core of any object-oriented programming language. What is Object Oriented Programming? Hundreds of books have been written to describe the intricacies of object-oriented programming, but basically, OOP is based on a holistic approach emphasizing  re-use and inheritance, which streamlines development time.  More traditional procedural languages, such as Fortran, COBOL, and C, take a top-down approach, breaking down the task or problem into a logical, orderly series of functions. For example, consider a simple ATM application used by a bank. Before writing any code, a Java developer first will create a roadmap or plan on how to proceed, usually beginning with a list of all the objects that need to be created and how they will interact. Developers may use a class diagram to clarify the relationships between objects. Objects required for use in an ATM transaction might be Money, Card, Balance, Receipt, Withdrawal, Deposit and so on.  These objects need to work together to complete the transaction: making a deposit should result in a balance report and perhaps a receipt, for instance. Objects will pass messages between them in order to get things done. Objects and Classes An object is an instance of a class: here is the crux of object-oriented programming and the idea of re-use. Before an object can exist, a class on which it can be based must exist.   Perhaps we want a book object: to be precise, we want the book The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. We first need to create a class Book. This class could be the basis for any book in the world. It might look something like this: public class Book {String title;String author;   //methodspublic String getTitle({return title;}public void setTitle(){return title;}public int getAuthor(){return author;}   Ã‚  public int setAuthor(){return author;}// etc.} The class Book has a title and an author with methods that allow you to set or get either of these items (it would have more elements as well, but this example is just an excerpt). But this is not yet an object  - a Java application cant yet do anything with it.  It needs to be instantiated to become an object that can be used.   Creating an Object The relationship between an object and a class  is such that many objects can be created using one class. Each object has its own data but its underlying structure (i.e., the type of data it stores and  its behaviors) are defined by the class. We can create several objects from a book class. Each object is called an instance of the class. Book HitchHiker new Book(The HitchHikers Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams);Book ShortHistory new Book(A Short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson);Book IceStation new Book(Ice Station Zebra, Alistair MacLean); These three objects can now be used: they can be read, purchased, borrowed or shared.

The 25 Best US Colleges for International Students

The 25 Best US Colleges for International Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Each year, nearly one million international students enroll in US undergraduate and graduate programs. There are so many colleges and universities in the US, though, that it can be tough to know where to start, especially if you’re applying from out of the country. In this post, I’ll lay out some of the best universities for international students. Whether you’re looking for generous financial aid, large international populations, or special international programs, we’ve got you covered. Finally, I’ll lay out the five most important steps you need to take if you want to go to school in the US, straight from the State Department. Let’s get started! What Makes a School Good for International Students? Applying to college is stressful for students all over the world. If you're looking to attend an international school, particularly one that's located in the US, there are a few additional, unique obstacles to worry about: Funding your education. US schools are notoriously expensive, and international students aren't eligible for many forms of American financial aid. Finding an environment of your peers. Although some students may not be concerned with finding a group of international peers at a US school, many may feel more comfortable with a student body composed of a healthy mix of domestic and international students. You may also find more resources, student groups, and activities geared towards students from outside the US at these schools. Achieving comfort and success in a very new environment. As an international student, you may be looking for specialized social, academic, professional, and language support. Moving to a new country is stressful- it's a good idea to think about what support systems would help you transition. Although international students may have other concerns when applying to US schools, I think the above points are the most universal. The rest of this post will list the types of schools that address these problems, i.e. the best colleges for international students. I'll list the schools that give generous financial aid to foreign nationals, boast large percentages of international students, and offer special support to non-US citizens. Your own priorities will dictate which type of school might serve you best. Let's get to the good stuff- which schools should you actually start checking out? Cheapest Colleges for International Students International students aren’t eligible for federal financial aid, a big source of funding for students here in the US. Unless a school’s total Cost of Attendance isn’t an issue for you, you may want to consider institutions that allocate large amounts of their own financial aid money to international students. A school’s generosity may help cover the deficit left by a lack of access to federal aid. A little background information before we get started: attending college in the US is expensive. In fact, the US one of the most expensive places in the world to get a college education. And just because a school offers financial aid doesn't mean you won't end up paying quite a bit in the long run- it's common for students in the US to be saddled with significant student loan debt. If cost is a concern for you, the following list of cheapest colleges for international students should be a great place to start your school search. They all awarded financial aid to at least 50 students from abroad for the 2017-2018 school year. If you're worried about spending a lot of cash on your degree, you will want to look for schools that try to attract international students with financial incentives. A final disclaimer: the schools below are all pretty high-ranked institutions. Schools like this tend to have larger endowments and more money to give to students via financial aid. You’d have to be a very competitive applicant to gain admission to many of these schools (perhaps even more competitive than a similar domestic applicant). Click the name of the school to get more information about admissions statistics. Source: US News World Report Columbia University, New York, NY Number of international students who received aid: 257 Average aid amount awarded: $66,350 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Number of international students who received aid: 594 Average aid amount awarded: $64,459 Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY Number of international students who received aid: 83 Average aid amount awarded: $63,855 Williams College, Williamstown, MA Number of international students who received aid: 92 Average aid amount awarded: $62,873 Trinity College, Hartford, CT Number of international students who received aid: 170 Average aid amount awarded: $62,241 Amherst College, Amherst, MA Number of international students who received aid: 147 Average aid amount awarded: $62,022 Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT Number of international students who received aid: 98 Average aid amount awarded: $61,549 Duke University, Durham, NC Number of international students who received aid: 207 Average aid amount awarded: $61,497 Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA Number of international students who received aid: 90 Average aid amount awarded: $61,052 Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY Number of international students who received aid: 77 Average aid amount awarded: $61,052 Colleges With the Largest International Student Presence If you’re applying to schools in the US, financial aid is likely not your only concern. You might also be wondering which colleges and universities have large international populations. Large numbers of international students at a particular school indicate a more diverse student body. If this criterion is important to you, you’ll definitely want to check out the following list of schools. Keep in mind that this list is based on the percentage of international students, and not necessarily raw numbers of international students - many large, metropolitan schools attract a significant number of students from outside the US. You might notice that there’s no overlap between the following schools and schools that provide the most financial aid to international students. If you’re interested primarily in schools with a large international student presence, keep in mind they may be significantly more expensive than the institutions listed above. You'll find more international clubs, activities, and social networks at schools that tend to attract high percentages of students from other countries. The following institutions- all national universities- reported the largest percentages of international students for 2017-2018. Source: US News World Report Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL Percentage of international students: 32% Total undergraduate enrollment: 3,635 New School, New York, NY Percentage of international students: 32% Total undergraduate enrollment: 7,203 University of Rochester, Rochester, NY Percentage of international students: 24% Total undergraduate enrollment: 6,546 Boston University, Boston, MA Percentage of international students: 22% Total undergraduate enrollment: 18,080 Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Percentage of international students: 22% Total undergraduate enrollment: 6,896 Suffolk University, Boston, MA Percentage of international students: 22% Total undergraduate enrollment: 5,117 Brandeis University, Waltham, MA Percentage of international students: 21% Total undergraduate enrollment: 3,635 Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL Percentage of international students: 21% Total undergraduate enrollment: 2,900 University of California- San Diego, La Jolla, CA Percentage of international students: 20% Total undergraduate enrollment: 28,587 New York University, New York, NY Percentage of international students: 19% Total undergraduate enrollment: 26,417 Colleges With Special Services for International Students Some of the best colleges for international students offer specialized programs that make studying in the US a bit easier for foreign nationals. The following list is by no means exhaustive, but it’ll give you a place to start if you're looking for schools that offer unique, helpful services to international students. Some of these schools have dedicated centers for international students. They provide assistance in a variety of areas, including ESL instruction and student visa guidance. Other schools foster an easier transition for international students with mentorship programs or regular faculty check-ins. You may even find specialty scholarship programs meant for students coming from other countries. Many other schools offer resources to students both domestic and international, but the following programs are particularly notable for students coming from abroad. If you think you may need one special program in particular- ESL assistance, for example- I'd encourage you to contact the admissions office at any school of interest for more information. A little bit of help from a friend, peer, or professional can make all the difference. University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ U of A hosts the Center for English as a Second Language, which helps students adjust to using English in professional and academic spaces. For more general assistance, students can go to the school's dedicated International Services Center. Finally, U of A offers an international student scholarship program. Students can receive between $4,000 and $35,000 per year. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Roughly 8,000 international students attend Purdue each year. The school publishes a quarterly newsletter for international students. Additionally, Purdue fosters an International Friendship Program where domestic students serve as mentors to ease any difficulty in transitioning to a US school. Clemson University, Clemson, SC About 1,500 international students enroll at Clemson each year. The school requires regular meetings between international students and staff to make sure students are happy and successful. University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI About 4,000 students from 130 different countries attend the University of Wisconsin. The school hosts a couple of notable programs. First, the BRIDGE (Building Relationships in Diverse Global Environments) program connects international students with US students during their first year in the US. Second, the Assembly of International Students connects the many international groups on campus to promote cultural awareness and understanding within the student body. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Temple offers some alternative options to students who may not be ready for a fully English-immersive experience in the US. Their Intensive English Language Program is an educational program that preps students to enroll at a US school or to get a job that requires English proficiency. It is NOT a BA program, but a pre-program of sorts to prepare students for further study. Temple also offers "provisional/conditional admission" to competitive applicants who score below admissions threshold on the TOEFL. What Do You Have to Do to Attend a US School? As an international student, you’ll have to take a few extra steps if you plan on studying in the US. You’ll want to do your own research on any further steps or restrictions for students coming from your particular country, but I’ll give you a basic rundown here, so you know where to start, and you can check out our complete guide to the process for more details. There are more steps to take for international students to attend a US school, but not to worry- they're all laid out below. According to the US State Department, here are the five steps you need to take to study in the US: Step 1: Research Your Options If you’re reading this page, you’ve already begun this step! You’ll want to start this process 12-18 months before the start of the academic year you hope to start studying in the US. It’s especially important to gather information about application criteria and deadlines. If you need some extra help getting started, you should check out our guide on how to research colleges. Step 2: Finance Your Studies Again, you’ve already started gathering info on financing your studies if you’ve checked out the schools at the top of the page. Like I mentioned, schools can be pretty expensive in the US, so you’ll want to have a plan in place for funding your education. Read more about the different types of financial aid and the schools with the most generous aid policies. Step 3: Complete Your College Applications Each college app is unique, although there’s generally a lot of overlap. It’s important to start these applications well before the deadlines (which are often December-January). You might want to read more about the typical college application timeline. As an international applicant, you'll want to be especially careful about arranging for the SAT, ACT, and/or TOEFL. You may not have to submit your TOEFL scores to some colleges if you meet a certain score threshold on SAT/ACT sections. Read more about SAT and ACT prep for ESL and bilingual students to help plan for these important parts of US college applications. Step 4: Apply for Your Student Visa It’s important to allocate plenty of time to complete and submit your visa application, in case any complications come up. Visit the State Department’s website for more information on applying for your visa. Step 5: Prepare for Your Departure This is where you square everything away and make sure all your travel arrangements and documents are ready to go and in compliance. Your new school may also have information available for things like student health insurance, climate, local transportation options, and housing. What's Next? Motivated to start working on your college applications? Great! But before you do, you should definitely figure out which standardized test- the SAT or the ACT- is better for you (did you know that it doesn't usually help to take both)? You might need to do ACT/SAT prep a little differently than the typical US student. For an introduction, read our complete guide to the ACT SAT for international students. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

NONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NONE - Essay Example The immigration has not only caused diversification in the societal structure but has increased the interactions between people belonging to various races and ethnic groups. The diversity within the American society has always been the subject of many debates and from an historical perspective, the concept of immigration has now become a part of the American society and it is nothing less than a culture melting pot. The economic stability in the United States had also attracted a number immigrants coming in from all over the world. One of the hypotheses held by anthropologists was that the Native Americans had descended from the wanderers of North East Asia who were then followed by the arrival of European settlers and then subsequent colonization at the hands of the British took place. United States gained their freedom from colonial rule and became an independent nation that worked on the principle of democracy that became major fad of the 19th century and further attracted people from various parts of Europe, Asia and south west regions of the globe. Ever since then, there has been a rise in the number of immigrants coming to America from all the over the world, particularly from Europe and slaves from Africa. Slavery became a trend that started around the year 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 to the shores of the Virginia territory and reached its height till its abolishment in the year 1865 by Abraham Lincoln after the American civil war. The American civil war was one period in the history of the United States, which was marked by a decline in immigration but as soon as it ended the pace was picked back up again. Considering the aforementioned facts about the history of US immigration, the concept of race had become synonymous with everyone but ethnic and cultural identities was something that the American society was still in the process of discovering. A second wave of European immigration took place from the central region; a number of Jews migrated