The Purpose of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Tea

The Purpose of Education Instruction has existed from the beginning of time in some structure. The way toward going down amassed data starting with one age then onto the next has been available in each human culture, over a wide span of time. From the youthful tuning in to the narratives of the older folks around the hearths of the antiquated world, to students being told in the letters in order in a one room school building on the American wilderness, to the current day web based showing meetings; the custom of educating and learning has been a consistent in the regularly evolving world. Training has been and keeps on being utilized for some reasons, boss among them being the making of an informed populace, the strengthening of that populace, and improvement of the individual, and the country all in all. A portion of the primary advocates of serious training were the old Greeks and Romans who looked to make more grounded and more intelligent social orders. The Greeks specifically looked to instruct their young people to make the up and coming age of pioneers in their city state. Frameworks of instruction guaranteed that those chosen to office will be outfitted with the vital aptitudes for work in government. These worries are as yet equivalent today as instructors show the following legislators, congressmen, and leaders of our country. Because of their future significance our residents need to find out about how our administration fills in just as become versed in numerous different subjects. This instructive procedure makes a balanced resident who is...

International human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global HR - Essay Example patriate chiefs are given the obligation of synchronizing various societies while overseeing human asset for a worldwide company in an outside nation. The way of life and business condition of a worldwide partnerships differ with areas and nations. ‘International human asset management’ manages the HRM exercises of a worldwide partnership. It helps the exile HR administrators of worldwide partnerships to comprehend the authoritative culture of the MNC and the neighborhood culture of that specific nation. The capacities and obligations of local human asset the executives and global human asset the board are diverse in numerous angles. The last requires more noteworthy duty as it requires more prominent degree of coordination, hazard, contribution in close to home existences of workers. This paper will endeavor to break down the human asset of Ford Motor Company of United States of America (USA). In the following area, the social setting of USA MNC and the neighborhood culture will be talked about and the difficulties looked by the ostracize directors will be dissected. The general discoveries will be finished up and some basic suggestions will be given to conquer those difficulties. The center elements of the HR the executives are comparable independent of nations and associations. Be that as it may, the distinction in societies represents certain preventions for the exile supervisors. Contrasts existing between Asia Pacific, Middle East and USA are hard to absorb. The way of life of USA is an outsider one, alongside the Native Americans numerous foreigners from various nations have been living in USA. Welcome Hofstede has distinguished six elements of the way of life that change from nation to nation. These measurements are â€Å"power separation list (PDI), independence (IDV), vulnerability shirking file (UAI), manliness (MAS) and long haul direction (LTO)† (Falkenreck, 2009, p.59). Figure 1 delineates the ‘Greet Hofstede

Illini Advice What I Wish I Knew in High School

Illini Advice What I Wish I Knew in High School Our bloggers are wise college students who have been around the block and can look back with some perspective. So, we recently asked them, If you could have a conversation with the high school version of yourself, whats one piece of advice you would give? We hope their answers help as you continue to navigate the halls of high school. Taylor High school and life in general, to a degree, is what you make it. So spend the next 4 years being unapologetically you, discovering what makes you tick, and exploring what pushes you outside of your comfort zone. Make this time beneficial and enjoyable in every way possible, and remind yourself that youre amazing while doing it. Kate Everything really will be okay! Trust us. Franklin Dont try to cram your schedule with things you dont care aboutâ€"pick 1 or 2 extracurriculars that you love and stick to them! Success will come easy when youre doing something you enjoy, and its always better to pick quality over quantity. Rachel Be present, enjoy each second, and live in the moment. It sounds cliché, but these next 4 years, and the 4 after that, will go by faster than you can imagine. Jada High school is an alternate dimension where a lot of things that shouldnt matter do. So dont get too caught up in the weirdness of it all, college is wayyy cooler. Maaz Life doesn’t begin to get real until it gets realâ€"there’s no warning. The only way to prepare for the future is to live in the present with a mindset balanced by the scales of both reflection and gratitude. Be grateful for the life afforded to you, and turn that gratitude into a resolve for improving the state of affairs you see within yourself; only by improving ourselves can we hope to improve the world around us. Abby Dont ever be afraid to push yourself out of your comfort zone. If theres something youre interested in, try it out! Seize every opportunity to learn and grow; youll be surprised by some of the amazing doors that open up to you when you do. Luis Dont stress too much in high school! Dont slack off, but also dont be too hard on yourself. Hang out with friends, build relationships, and create memories that you will keep if and when you take off to college. Kripa The challenges you face, whether they be tough classes or personal struggles, face them with the right attitude! Put your head high, and know that you can overcome these obstacles and that you have friends and family who you can always rely on. Julissa Do anything and everything your heart desires! Dont let others hold you back from doing what you want; this is your life. Alex Things might not be the exact same as you imagined themâ€"and thats okay.Use these 4 years to embrace change and become comfortable with the unknown. Noah High school is the best time to explore what interests you. A lot of people get caught up in worrying about AP classes and GPA, and while thats still important, take the classes that you like! Make sure to have fun, take what you love, and learn about yourself. Zoe My favorite professor gave me this piece of simple but deeply useful advice: Always be completely and unapologetically yourself, especially in the presence of others. You are on the cusp of a transformative life stage. Be brave. Illinois Admissions We're here for you as you prepare for college. Whether you're looking for guidance on the college search process or have questions about Illinois, we hope our blogs will help!

Shakespeare Lessons for Teachers to Use

Italian Verb Conjugations Cucinare

Macbeth and Washizu the Tragic Heroes - 971 Words

M.H. Abrams description of the tragic hero outlines the main characteristics of a tragic hero. In the play Macbeth, and film Throne of Blood, Macbeth and Washizu are the main characters that fulfill the definition of a tragic hero. They implement M.H. Abrams definition of the tragic hero because they have flaws that lead them to their reversal of fortune, which cause them to evoke the pity and fear from the audience. Macbeth and Washizu also demonstrate how they are better than we are, which indicates that they have a higher moral worth that amplifies the tragic effect. First, Macbeth and Washizu both have a tragic flaw, which leads into their reversal of fortune. Macbeth and Washizu give into their ambition and pride while they†¦show more content†¦He is truly a character that is better than we are, a character above the average person in respect to nobility and praise. Also, as Macbeth and Washizu were born into nobility, they illustrate their success as they live in castles with many servants and other materialistic objects. Third, the characters both evoke our pity and fear. The audience have a sense of pity for them because neither Washizu nor Macbeth are completely evil characters and they show some good in them, causing them to be a mix of the two opposites. We feel pity for Washizu when he is killed by his own men at the end of the movie, because he has allowed his tragic flaw (ambition) to control himself. Macbeth also evocates fear from the audience in many moments, including while he is murdering the king. He screams out and says, Whos there? What ho! (2.2.8). These words make the audience think that Macbeth has been caught in the act of murdering the king, which arouses fear. Once again, Macbeth arouses pity from the audience when he learns that Lady Macbeth has died. He says, She should have died herafter/ There would have been a time for such a word (5.5.17-18). These words make us pity him, because during the play he says these words with great sadness, and we feel that he now has no one to support him. In conclusion, Macbeth and Washizu both fit M.H. Abrams

Managing the Channel and the Sales Forces - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Managing the Channel and the Sales Forces. Answer: Overview Stihl Inc. has been one of the top handheld power equipment manufacturers with the widest distribution channels all over United States. The organization has twelve wholesale distributers considering the entire landscape out of which retail distribution channel consists of independent dealers and home improvement centers (Wilson and Wilson 2017). This has helped in reaching wide number of consumers as the main categories such as handheld, outdoor and power is fulfilled by Stihl Inc. In this discussion, the main problem that Stihl Inc is facing will be highlighted and based on that analysis will be presented concerning the critical issues, followed by conclusion and recommendation for future corporate sustainability. Problem Identification The main goals of Stihl are follows: To provide best quality product through innovative designs, highest-grade materials and solid engineering with precision manufacturing To provide best buying experience with best service and support through wide distribution network including first-class showrooms To assist consumers regarding the product information, dealer location and distributor pricing through own corporate website (Stihlusa.com 2017) Considering the case, it has been identified that Stihl has been one of the top-rated supplier for Home Depot. However, as highlighted by Shahrouzifard and Faraji (2016), with course of time consumers prefer after-sales assistance and post-sales services more than price or quality. Similarly, such expectation of the consumers is not being fulfilled by Stihl home improvement centers and mass merchants channels. Consumers who use to prefer Stihl products are now more concerned about post-sales services, which the organization is failing to provide. Therefore, the main problem of Stihl Inc. is to become failure in providing after-sales services and product maintenance operations on home improvement premises and that they are becoming more dependent only on independent dealers channel. Such operational challenge is acting as the barrierto provide consumers the best buying experience from Home Depot with best service and support, thereby threatening corporate goal achievement. Analysis of Critical Issues faced by Stihl Inc. According to Qiang et al. (2013), a manufacturing organization needs to understand the demographic market and prevailing customer needs so that product or service can be improvised in future. On the other hand, Szwejczewski, Goffin and Anagnostopoulos (2015) argued that dealers need to evaluate the differences in services between own channel and alternative market channel so that customer can be satisfied. Furthermore, Murali, Pugazhendhi and Muralidharan (2016) pointed out that the manufacturing organization needs to evaluate the existing relationship between its own home distribution channel and market retailers so that partnership can be strengthened in future. On the other hand, the concerned organization also needs to evaluate the considerable impact that the partnership is creating on product distribution channel. Therefore, basis the views of the authors, the critical issues that Stihl Inc. is facing will be discussed below. Customer Needs for Channel Services According to Homburg, Vollmayr and Hahn (2014), with the progress of time, explicit market competition has given rise to niche marketing technique, on the basis of which manufacturers are designing new products giving rise to innovation. Such innovation helps in creating new demand and ensures sustainability for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). However, Jerath, Kim and Swinney (2017) contradicted that without channelized services, the target audience does not get the product information and the usability or benefits that they might get. Therefore, only through the medium of channel services, the consumers will be able to experience the latest products. On the other hand, Homburg, Jozi? and Kuehnl (2017) placed a different viewpoint that with the help of channel services such as through retail distribution channel specifically, consumers are able to get the physical value of a product that triggers them in buying. Consumers are also able to differentiate the value of product, pric e differences and post-sales specifications. Therefore, only through the help of market channels such as retailers, supermarkets and local direct delivery logistics, an organization is able to reach out to its target customer segment. After analyzing the case of Stihl Inc., it has been found that the organization has great channel services, which has helped consumers to get benefits from unique handheld electronic machines(Wilson and Wilson 2017). Such channel services have reduced the gap between Stihl and end consumers. However, it is expected that in future, the customer needs will be changed and will be more focused in gaining product oriented assistance and post-sales maintenance so that value for money is justified with course of time. Evaluation of Channel Services The channel services of Stihl can be categorized in distribution network and support for dealers. The distribution network channel services are distributed in twelve geographically separate wholesale distributors. On the other hand, the retail dealer network is made of 8000 independent retailing establishments. These dealer networks are the most important channel services because Stihl is able to assist consumers directly only through these dealers. Stihl provides financial, marketing, and administrative support to these dealers regarding operation, proper application and product maintenance (Wilson and Wilson 2017). Furthermore, the official website of Stihl Inc. creates the channel services for internet shoppers, through which they are able to get product oriented information along with location of independent dealers. Considering the channel services alternative channel such as Home Depot, being one of the largest retailers (Guesalaga and Pitta 2014), would extend its product base by taking more supplies from Black Decker, Briggs Stratton and Echo. Similarly, Walmart might also increase the number of retail outlets so that more number of people can be reached. On the other hand, Sears can reach out to more number of conventional channel boundaries. It can create more partners with home improvement center and mass merchant. Hardware Stores have the option to get supplies from both giant manufacturers and local designers. Online channels can create multiple partnerships with giant manufacturers listing top brands so that both value for money and reliability factors are adhered. Relationship of Stihl Inc. with Potential Channels Considering the case study, it is prominent enough that Stihl is depending more on its independent channel dealers. It is following hybrid channel strategy using internet to direct consumers towards authorized dealers (Wilson and Wilson 2017). Therefore, Stihl does not follow the multi-channel system that Sears follows. Considering the relationship with Home Depot, it can be found that consumers are not getting assistance from the home improvement center as the sales-persons are untrained and they do not provide post-sales services, thereby creating a negative brand image of Stihl. On the other hand, with Hardware Stores, Stihl have a poor relationship as much of its products are sold through its independent dealers. However, it can be said that relationship with online channel is quite favorable with Stihl. Evaluation of Power (Stihl v/s Channel Partner) According to Bellin (2016), with the increase in channel partnerships, more number of customers can be reached. However, considering the above analysis, it can be said that Stihl is confined under only one market channel, which is independent dealer. The channel partners are having more power because they do not rely only on Stihl, but they have supplies from products of Black Decker, Cub Cadet, Echo, Homelite, and Ryobi. With course of time, the bargaining power of buyer will definitely exceed supplier bargaining power. This will create huge rise for organizational sustainability. Ability to Exert Control over Channel Fabbri and Klapper (2016) pointed out that in such a market where there are multiple suppliers, the bargaining power of buyer becomes more prevalent. Similarly, since in USA, the market competition for handheld manufacturers is quite strong, hence Stihl cannot be considered to have the ability to exert control over home improvement centers and mass merchants. If the home improvement centers have to spend more on employee training and assistance specifically for Stihl products, it will definitely consumer their budget. Therefore, they will try to deal with other manufacturers. However, Stihl will have full power over its independent dealers and can enhance services through better employee training. Potential Impact of Partnership While considering the viewpoint of Ishfaq et al. (2016), it can be said that partnership in channel services helps in exposing product physical value to a huge number of people from various geographic locations, which eventually ensures more sales. Partnership with potential channels is discussed in following section. Partnership of Stihl with Home Depot/Walmart Home Depot has the largest base of handheld product categories from all USA manufacturers. Therefore, partnership with it will help in exposing the product base of Stihl along with its competitor companies such as Black Decker and Cub Cadet. Consumers can compare both price and quality before purchasing. However, this implies that the customer service and assistance will be extremely poor. Walmart mostly offers low pricing but since the products of Stihl are of high quality, the price is comparatively higher than the rest. Due to this Stihl might get less profit. Partnership of Stihl with Sears Fortune.com (2017) pointed out that among all other channels, Sears is the only retailer that operates both as mass merchant and home improvement center. Therefore, it can be said that Stihl will get the highest exposure in market if it partners with Sears. Moreover, Sears has the best experience of maintenance and replacement parts capability as it merchandized its own brand, which will ensure customer assistance. Partnership of Stihl with Hardware Stores and Online Medium Stihl will definitely have a better scope of product sales through partnership with hardware stores but the main challenge will be customer assistance and post-sales service. Sales persons in hardware stores do not have enough knowledge of electronic handheld machines, which would be a challenge (Takouda and Dia 2016). However, partnership with online medium will surely act a boon because the consumers will get to know about product features and available locations where they can get product oriented assistance. Conclusion The critical issues that Stihl Plc. is facing are mostly related to selection of channel. It has been understood that the organization is mostly dependent on independent dealers and therefore this implies the highest risk as once the dealers fail to computerize the entire distribution channel will become non-functional. The home improvement center channel is found to have more power of control over the suppliers such as Stihl and simultaneously broadens the product exposure to various consumers. On the other hand, it was analyzed that Stihl needs to extend its partnership with such a retailer who can offer product oriented assistance or even post-sales assistance to consumers. Recommendation for Stihls Change in Channel Structure After evaluating all possible relationships and partnerships, it can be said that Stihl needs to change its channel structure. It needs to broaden its distribution network which will include mass merchant, independent dealers, hardware stores and online. By making partnership with all the four channels it can reach out to more consumers, who even belong to deeper and interior geographical areas of the United States. Specifically, for mass merchant, Stihl needs partnership with Sears, which will ensure product assistance, whereas through independent dealers, consumers will get both product assistance and post-sales service. Furthermore, online channel needs to be strengthened more using advertising techniques such as search engine optimization and pay-per-click strategies for the own corporate website. Representatives from Stihl need to be present at popular point of sales locations so that customer assistance can be ensured. Other alternative channel such as home improvement centers must be given less scope of partnerships as it might turn out to be loss. However, it is quite sure that customer need will change and market demographics will alter, which might affect dealership. Due to poor assistance from mass merchants, consumers may remain unaware of latest handheld innovations, which might create debt as the cost of partnership may remain uncovered. Reference List Bellin, H., 2016. Which Marketing Channel Is Right for Your Company?.Journal of Marketing Channels,23(3), pp.157-161. Fabbri, D. and Klapper, L.F., 2016. Bargaining power and trade credit.Journal of Corporate Finance,41, pp.66-80. Fortune.com, 2017.You Thought Things Couldn't Get Worse for Sears. They Just Did.. [online] Fortune. Available at: https://fortune.com/2017/11/08/sears-kmart-results/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017]. Guesalaga, R. and Pitta, D., 2014. The importance and formalization of service quality dimensions: a comparison of Chile and the USA.Journal of Consumer Marketing,31(2), pp.145-151. Homburg, C., Jozi?, D. and Kuehnl, C., 2017. Customer experience management: toward implementing an evolving marketing concept.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,45(3), pp.377-401. Homburg, C., Vollmayr, J. and Hahn, A., 2014. Firm value creation through major channel expansions: evidence from an event study in the United States, Germany, and China.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.38-61. Ishfaq, R., Defee, C.C., Gibson, B.J. and Raja, U., 2016. Realignment of the physical distribution process in omni-channel fulfillment.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(6/7), pp.543-561. Jerath, K., Kim, S.H. and Swinney, R., 2017. Product quality in a distribution channel with inventory risk.Marketing Science,36(5), pp.747-761. Murali, S., Pugazhendhi, S. and Muralidharan, C., 2016. Modelling and Investigating the relationship of after sales service quality with customer satisfaction, retention and loyaltya case study of home appliances business.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,30, pp.67-83. Qiang, Q., Ke, K., Anderson, T. and Dong, J., 2013. The closed-loop supply chain network with competition, distribution channel investment, and uncertainties.Omega,41(2), pp.186-194. Shahrouzifard, S. and Faraji, M., 2016. After-sales service quality as an antecedent of customer satisfaction.Accounting,2(2), pp.81-84. Stihlusa.com, 2017.Learn More About STIHL Inc. | STIHL USA. [online] Stihlusa.com. Available at: https://www.stihlusa.com/information/corporate/about-us/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017]. Szwejczewski, M., Goffin, K. and Anagnostopoulos, Z., 2015. Product service systems, after-sales service and new product development.International Journal of Production Research,53(17), pp.5334-5353. Takouda, P.M. and Dia, M., 2016. Relative efficiency of hardware retail stores chains in Canada.International Journal of Operational Research,27(1-2), pp.275-290. Wilson, R.E. and Wilson, R.E., 2017. Stihl Incorporated: Go-to-Market Strategy for Next-Generation Consumers.Kellogg School of Management Cases, pp.1-32.

10 Groundhog Day Quotes to Remind You Spring Is Near

10 Groundhog Day Quotes to Remind You Spring Is Near It may seem far-fetched to those who live closer to the equator. But for people closer to the poles, Groundhog Day marks the arrival of spring and the end of winter. Revere the little furry creature that is likely to make an accurate prognosis of the arrival of spring this Groundhog Day. Read these Groundhog Day quotes to celebrate the season of joy. W. J. VogelTo shorten winter, borrow some money due in spring.​Clyde MooreTheres one good thing about snow, it makes your lawn look as nice as your neighbors.​Kin HubbardDont knock the weather; nine-tenths of the people couldnt start a conversation if it didnt change once in a while.William Camden,  Remains, 1605One swallow maketh not summer; nor one woodcock a winter.​Anthony J. DAngelo, The College Blue BookWherever you go, no matter what the weather, always bring your own sunshine.Bill VaughnThe groundhog is like most other prophets; it delivers its prediction and then disappears.​Patrick YoungThe trouble with weather forecasting is that its right too often for us to ignore it and wrong too often for us to rely on it.​Phil ConnorsThis is one time where television really fails to capture the true excitement of a large squirrel predicting the weather.​George SantayanaTo be interested in the changing seasons is a happier state of mind than to be hopelessly in love with spring.​George HerbertEvery mile is two in winter.

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water Drowning in fresh water is different from drowning in salt water. For one, more people drown in fresh water than salt water. Around 90% of drownings occur in freshwater, including swimming pools, bathtubs, and rivers. This is partly because of the chemistry of the water and how it affects osmosis. Drowning in Salt Water Drowning involves suffocating while in water. You dont even need to breathe in the water for this occur, but if you do inhale salt water, the high salt concentration will prevent the water from crossing into your lung tissue. When people drown in salt water, its usually because they cant get oxygen or expel carbon dioxide. Breathing in salt water creates a physical barrier between the air and your lungs. A person who has inhaled salt water will not be able to breathe again until the salt water is removed. However, that does not mean there wont be lingering effects. Salt water is hypertonic to the ion concentration in lung cells, so if you swallow it the water from your bloodstream will enter your lungs to compensate for the concentration difference. This will cause your blood to thicken, putting a strain on your circulatory system. Extreme stress on your heart can lead to cardiac arrest within eight to 10 minutes. The good news is that its relatively easy to rehydrate your blood by drinking water, so if you survive the initial experience, you are well on the road to recovery. Drowning in Fresh Water Surprisingly, you can die from breathing in fresh water even hours after you have avoided drowning in it. This is because fresh water is more diluted with respect to ions than the fluid inside your lung cells. Fresh water doesnt cross into your skin cells because keratin essentially waterproofs them, but water will rush into unprotected lung cells to try to equalize the concentration gradient across the cell membranes. This can cause massive tissue damage, so even if the water is removed from your lungs there is still a chance you might not recover. Heres what happens: Fresh water is hypotonic compared to lung tissue. When water enters the cells, it causes them to swell. Some of the lung cells may burst. Because capillaries in your lungs are exposed to the fresh water, water enters the bloodstream, diluting your blood. This causes blood cells to burst (hemolysis). Elevated plasma K (potassium ions) and depressed Na (sodium ion) levels may disrupt the hearts electrical activity heart, causing ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest from the ion imbalance may occur in as little as two to three minutes. Even if you survive the first few minutes underwater, acute renal failure may occur from the burst blood cells in your kidneys. If you drown in cold fresh water, the temperature change as the water enters your bloodstream may even cool your heart enough to cause cardiac arrest from hypothermia. On the other hand, in salt water, the cold water does not enter your bloodstream, so the effects of temperature are mainly limited to heat loss across your skin.

Sexual Literacy Research (Sexual Orientation) Paper

Sexual Literacy (Sexual Orientation) - Research Paper Example Although, social factors like parenting styles and childhood experiences are maximally focused by various sections including social scientists, media, and common people, the role of biological or physiological factors assumes prominence based on number of researches. The article titled Prenatal Endocrine influences on Sexual Orientation and on Sexually Differentiated Childhood Behavior, written by Melissa Hines, and a book titled Gay, Straight and the Reason Why, written by Simon LeVay, focuses on this role of biological factors. So, this report analyses the above mentioned article and the book about sexual orientation to develop a plausible biological-based scientific explanation for the development of diverse sexual orientations in humans. LeVay in his book extensively covers topics regarding the factors responsible for sexual orientation. It includes prenatal neuro-hormonal effects, gender related brain organization in humans, cultural, psychological, and genetic influences (LeVay, 2011). Prenatal neuro-hormonal effects focus on how fetus can be exposed to hormones during pregnancy thereby influencing their sexual orientation (McCarthy, De Vries & Forger, 2009). According to researches, organization of the brain in males and females can also sway sexual orientation (Manning, 2002). When individuals face or exposed to certain cultural aspects, they are shown to exhibit homosexual or heterosexual behavior (Zucker, 2002). If certain experiences from childhood have a psychological impact, individuals’ sexual orientation can be influenced (Bem, 1996). Apart from these causes, LeVay (2011) focuses on how genetics can also influence the sexual orientation. He claims prenatal and hormonal factors as the most important determinants for one’s sexual orientation (LeVay, 2011). Similarly, the article claims evidences for

How is inclusion understoodan examination of different approaches to Essay - 1

How is inclusion understoodan examination of different approaches to meeting diverse needs - Essay Example vely developed in countries with different cultural and moral beliefs; The above questions are related to the following facts: the level at which social inclusion is supported by the government of a particular country is depended not only on the willingness of the political parties involved to face the specific problem but also on the level at which the relevant policies will be accepted by the local society. Current paper focuses on the social inclusion policies developed in Britain during the 21st century; emphasis is given on teenage mothers and the terms under which their inclusion in the British society is promoted. It is concluded that the position of British governments in regard to the specific issue has not been standardized being depended by the social conditions of each particular period; however, it is clear that the Labour party has been more supportive to teenage mothers compared to the Conservatives who emphasize on the moral aspects of the particular problem. The poli cies developed in Britain for the social inclusion of teenage mothers during the 21st century are analyzed by referring primarily to the concept of social inclusion – as a reflection of the social relationships and ethics of modern societies. The concept of social inclusion, as an element of social policies of governments worldwide has been explained using different approaches. In accordance with Munck (2005) the social inclusion should be considered as the result of globalization; it is noted that through the establishment of ‘global cities’ – ‘like New York, Tokyo, London, Paris’ (Munck 2005, p.33) new modes of life were developed; moreover, not all people have been able to align their daily activities with the new style of life; the exclusion of certain people of these cities, which was developed gradually, led to a series of severe social problems and turbulences which could be confronted only by developing effective social inclusion policies. From another point of

Information Technology and Animation

Information Technology and Animation Introduction: Information technology (IT) plays a key role in creating knowledge [1] and supporting management towards decision making[2] and Visualization tools are computer applications that produce graphical representations that aid decision making. Visualization tools are used in IT based decision support systems (DSS) like the simple spreadsheets to complex computer-based systems like business intelligence system, enterprise resource management and reporting system, knowledge management systems, and expert systems; to help decision makers to solve structured ,unstructured and semi structured problems. In the digital era, decision makers have access to large amount of digital data which can be used by visual analytics software to support decision making. Well structured problem has clear path to solution but for solving ill structured problem, external representation of the data and the problem can reduce the effort in reaching an accurate solution[3]. Chief economist of Google Inc predicts th at need for data visualization will be growing rapidly in the next few years. He writes. â€Å"the ability to take data—to be able to understand it, to process it, to extract value from it, to visualize it, to communicate it—that’s going to be a hugely important skill in the next decade. because now we really do have essentially free and ubiquitous data. So the complimentary scarce factor is the ability to understand that data and extract value from it†¦ Managers need to be able to access and understand the data themselves [4]. Independent researchers have predicted high future demand for visualization tools. Gartners research reports that in spite of global recession businesses are interested in investing in business intelligence (BI) platforms that are expanding their capabilities towards advanced data visualization, scorecards and interactive dashboards. It predicts BI market’s compound annual growth rate (CAGR) through 2012 to be 7.0% for stand-alone BI platforms ([5]. Review of the literature on computer graphics as decision aid reports that the format in which data is presented to decision makers is critical to provide information for making decision[6]. As per the dual coding theory, cognition consists of two sub systems: Visual and Verbal[7-9]. The theory specifies that when information is represented visually, the recall is easier and the human brain can process changes in shape, color and motion parallely. As per the Central Capacity theory humans have limited working memory [10] and visualization of data (e.g. chart, diagram, graph) activates the visual component of the short-term working memory (visual working memory) to hold the visual objects for immediate attention. Both the theory recommend visual data representation to provide information to the users for making decisions as visual information is easier to store and recall. Visualization aids in perceptual information processing to identify exceptions, trends, patterns, relationship in the data (clusters, associations, causality etc), detect outliers and to summarize data perceptually [11]. Many complex business decision making need insight and insight is a sudden discovery of a solution to a problem which results in a subjectively catastrophic experience[12]. As competition in the knowledge economy gets fiercer, organizations are constantly trying to get new insights to gain competitive advantage. Effective visualization tools acts as external aids that supports thinking and building insight by providing graphs that represent information primarily through position, shape, color, size, location, movement and symbols, and that viewers decode that information by taking it in, organizing it, analyzing it and detecting patterns and structures perceptually[13]. Human brain is a powerful pattern-finding engine and effective graph make behavioral patterns, tem poral trends, correlations, clusters, gaps, and outliers visible in seconds and data graphics should amplify cognition and complement what humans do well[14]. Effective visualization tools are of great importance in supporting decision making as it amplifies cognition, perceptual information processing and facilitates knowledge generation. When visualization tools are inadequate decision making performance is impaired. A review of literature on computer graphics as decision aids has demonstrated that decision performance is effected by information presentation format[6]. Compared to static graph (SG) , Dynamic Graph (DG) facilitates in faster retrieval and recall of information [15, 16], information comprehension [16] required for decision making. One author writes â€Å"If learners are in control of the speed of animation and can view and review, stop and start, zoom in and out, and change orientation of parts and wholes of the animation at will, then the problems of veridical perception can be alleviated† [17]. However the use of dynamic interactive graph has increased in business decision making, its impact on decision making has not been explored extensively in the IS field. Both the IS literature and Accounting literature has emphasized the need for studying the role of presentation format in the efficiency and effectiveness of decision-makers’ decision quality in order to provid e empirical evidence on the effect of presentation format on decision quality [18] [19]. Previous research so far in the IS domain has extensively studied 2D, 3D graph, combining 2D-3D graph and animation with low data volume that are easily comprehensible in tables or graph. Gaining insight from high volume of business data can be challenging because the high density of the data makes it difficult to view all the data at once. On a typical computer screen the high volume data cannot be seen at once, the data has to be sliced to visually represent it on screen. A study done on functional mechanisms of online product presentation and its effect on online shopping reported that interactivity of product presentations is a design feature that influence (1) the efficacy of the presentations; (2) consumers’ perceptions of the diagnosticity of websites, their perceptions of the compatibility between online shopping and physical shopping, and their shopping enjoyment derived from a particular online shopping experience jointly influence consumers’ attitudes toward shopping at a website; and (3) both consumers’ attitudes toward products and their attitudes toward shopping at a website contribute to their intentions to purchase the products displayed on the website[20].Thus Interactive display has a positive influence on decision making thus the first objective of this study is extend the work done in the past by studying whether the use of display which has bother interactivity and is dynamic impacts decision making, including reducing information overload when dealing with high volume of data. While indicating a positive l effect from the use of DID, on the basis of the theory of Cognitive Fit, which identifies that better performance results when the external representation corresponds to the nature of the task to be accomplished [21] this study argues that it is most effective when the qualities of the display corresponds to the salient features of the task. On Time is also an important component of information load[21] where informa tion load is the volume of the data to be processed over the unit of time available for the task. The second objective of this study is to examine weather and how the effect of visualization tools on decision taking may be contingent on the time constraints- available time available for information processing. A prior study on 2D graph Vs table to examine the joints effects of presentation format and color on decision accuracy and efficiency under different time constraints [22] concluded that under low time constraints (15 min), tabular reports are better for accurate decision making and 2D graphs are better for faster processing. The combination of Table and graph were better than graph alone for decision accuracy. Under High time constraint (5 min)s color coding led to improved decision making. Decision makers are sometimes pressed for time which can result in information overload, which is the point at which information processing demands exceed the information processing capacity of the individual. This study investigates the moderating effect of time constraints on DID effe ctiveness on decision making in terms of the quality of the decision that the decision makers are able to make. This study uses the term High Time constraint (HTC) task to characterize the task that needs to completed in an environment when the decision makers are under time pressure and to distinguish it from Low time constraint (LTC) task where the decision makers are not under any time pressure to complete the decision making task. Next section contains the review of past work on DID and decision making done to arrive at the hypothesis on the overall impact of DID on decision making. The subsequent section presents a review of the previous litreature on the theory of Cognitive Fit which provides the foundation for our theories on the relationship between different task types and DID. Then the different task types with time constraints is explained along with the prediction about the moderating effects of task type on decision making. The research method for the proposed research is explained including the measurement of independent and dependent variables and the experimental design. Finally this paper concludes with the significance of this proposed study to both researchers and practioners. Theory and Hypothesis. The research model developed for this proposed study is shown in figure 1. The figure illustrates that DID enhances decision making. The effect of DID is more pronounced when the task is less time critical where the decision makers are not pressed for time and the effect of DID is limited when the task is time critical. The hypotheses supported by theory are developed below. Dynamic Interactive Display Businesses today are commonly using Dashboards, which is a combination of visualization tools that provide summarized and details reports of current status and alerts and creates situational awareness. The array of visualization tools that available today includes Tree Maps, [23], Node-Link diagram /Network diagram[24], Parallel coordinate Graph [25], Spark lines- Integrates text, and chart [26],Motion chart[27]. The present study focuses on visualization tools that provide dynamic and interactive display (DID) because in the recent time there has been staggering advances in visualization tools that are interactive and dynamic to support taking decisions and solving information-intensive problems in business. The DID chosen for this study is Google’s Motion Chart, which is a flash based visualization tool that delivers dynamic chart with high level of interactivity for multidimensional data[28]. Motion charts are dynamic. The graph is said to dynamic when the graph consists of series of single frames, each showing incremental changes in the position, brightness, shape, color of the variables; shown in a sequence which give the illusion of movement[29, 30]. Graph Dynamism consist of two types of change : position or form [31, 32]. Translation change refers to change in position (from one location to another) and transformation change refers to the change in form ( in size, shape, color, brightness)[33]. Motion chart reflect both translation change and transformation change. It is dynamic as it has several indicators which show incremental change in color, location and shape over time. Graphical excellence consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision and efficiency and are accurately perceived [14]. Animations are often not clear and complex or efficient ( too fast) to be accurately perceived and judicious use of interactivity may overcome this disadvantage [17]. Motion Chart provide high level of interactivity (i.e., the extent to which users can manipulate and transform the form and content of the graph in real time[34]. Interactivity is achieved when the users can control the speed of animation and can view and review, stop and start, can transform (change the way representation is rendered, such as zooming, panning or resizing), or manipulate (control the parameters during the process of image generation, i.e. filtering, visually encoding the variables based on color, shape). Decision Making Previous study on online shopping website has indicated that dynamic , interactive presentation of information has a positive effect on the shopping decisions ( intend to purchase, revisit the shopping website) of the consumers [20]. Decision making includes problem solving[2]. Problem solving involves mentally working to overcome obstacles that stand in reaching a goal and arriving at the solution to the problem involves identifying the problem, defining and representing the problem, formulating the strategy , organizing and reorganizing information, allocating resources, monitoring and evaluation[3]. Prior research has indicated that (1) task type, (2) individual characteristics, and (3) information presentation format have effects on cognitive processing for making decisions [6]. Decision accuracy, problem comprehension and satisfaction will be used to measure decision making performance. Decision accuracy is probably the most commonly used criterion for measuring decision making performance [22, 35-48]. It is suggested that compared to DG, Dynamic Interactive Graph should facilitate performance [49]. Therefore, this study proposes that DID can enable decision makers to be more accurate when evaluating high volume of data than Dynamic Display. H1. Compared to Dynamic Display, DID increases users Decision Accuracy Research in the Management field has not examined different types of visuals and its effect on graph comprehension in detail[6]. The effect of x-y and y-z relationship encoding on the time to comprehend information was studied with respect to2D and 3D line graph [50]. As per Pinker’s theory of Graph Comprehension[51], different types of display are suited for extracting different classes of information, primarily because of two contrasting types of encoding mechanisms governing the graph comprehension process: (1) automatic conceptual message lookup processes and bottom up processing, and (2) inferential and top-down encoding processes. Simplified Flow diagram of the graph comprehension process is shown in Figure 2. Automatic conceptual message lookup is the acquisition of information using the bottom-up encoding processes where the required information is obtained from the graph easily from the graph by means of salient cues. For example the theory indicated that that trend in a line graph is encoded via the bottom-up encoding processes because the human eye can automatically extract the change perceptually. On the contrary, information that are encoded via the inferential and top-down encoding process , needs execution of deliberate and capacity-limited computations that requires effort and use of both short-term and long-term memory processing. Fulfilling comprehension tasks, such as making inferences and drawing conclusions about the data in the graph and selecting and organizing the information from the graph, requires integration of the retrieved and encoded new information. This study proposes that more scan and search operations are needed to visually locate and organize the new informa tion represented in the dynamic graph for both conceptual message lookup process and inferential process. The DID possesses interactivity and hence retrieving the information from the graph will be easier for the users by manipulating the data using overview, zoom, filter features of the display. Therefore, in response to the comprehension task, DID will be better than dynamic display. H2a. Compared to Dynamic Display, DID increases users graph comprehension for automatic conceptual message lookup process H2b Compared to Dynamic Display, DID increases users graph comprehension for inferential and top-down encoding process Next from the perspective of affective dimension, users form positive, neutral or negative attitude towards the perceived usefulness of the visualization tool in decision making. The study predicts that DID with interactivity and dynamic display of the multi dimensional data affects decision maker’s attitude regarding perceived usefulness of the tool more significantly in favor of the tool than dynamic graph. H3 Users attitude towards the perceived usefulness of the DID display differ from their attitude towards the perceived usefulness of the dynamic display. Theory of Cognitive Fit and Time constraints The theory of Cognitive Fit suggest that a match between External representation and users’ tasks is important for the realization of positive results from the display format [52]. While DID generally influences decision making, the degree to which DID affects decision making varies contingent upon the task types being examined. Decision makers may be faced with different types of tasks. Tasks for Problem solving can be retrieval, Communication of facts, Comparison of alternatives, Trend analysis, Recognition and recall, Problem finding, Problem comprehension and Problem solving[36]. When time in money decision makers have to make decisions fast and thus decision task can be time critical. In prior studies terms ‘‘time pressure’’ and ‘‘time constraint’’ are most commonly used interchangeably [53]. Prior research so far has not investigated the time-constraint tasks that are best supported by DID. For this study High Time Cons traint (HTC) tasks are those that force the decision makers to perform under high time pressure. It is different from Low time-constraint (LTC) task for which the decision makers are not under any time pressure to perform. These types of task types moderate the degree to which DDI affects decision making. Research suggests for HTC task , decision makers accelerated their processing, are more selective in processing and instead of evaluating one alternative at a time (depth based) the decision makers concentrate on attribute based ( breadth wide) pattern of processing[54]. Dynamic Interactive display (DID) have features that lets the users manipulate the data and retrieve details on demand but DID are complex because it provides access to several layers of data which the users can slice and dice. Therefore when DID is used with HTC task , decision makers are unable to accelerate processing as the complexity of the graph makes the users experience information overload , which affects their performance negatively. However when DID is applied to LTC task, then the interactivity is useful because access to several layers of information and availability of time lets the decision makers process information in depth. Thus DID for HTC task does not contribute as much to decision making accuracy, problem comprehension and perceived usefulness as it does for LTC task. H4. Increases in Decision accuracy, effected by DID, are more significant for LTC task than HTC task. H5a. Increases in users graph comprehension for automatic conceptual message lookup process, effected by DID, are more significant for LTC task than HTC task. H5b. Increases in graph comprehension for inferential and top-down encoding process, effected by DID, are more significant for LTC task than HTC task. H6. The impacts of DID on perceived usefulness towards decision making are more significant for LTC task than HTC task. Research Method The proposed study will employ a controlled laboratory experiment to empirically test the effects of DID on Decision making and the moderating effect of time-dependent task types to achieve a high degree of internal validity [55]. To simulate experimental display close to real experiences and to increase the generalizability of the findings, instead of developing a prototype of DID , we selected Motion Chart owned by Google Inc for the visualization tool to produce DID . Motion chart is a commercial product used in business. Experimental Design For this proposed study a within-subject factor along with a between-subject factor, 2X2 factorial design will be used. The within-subject factor, Display format, will have two levels: DID and Dynamic Graph. The between-subject factor, Task Type will have two levels: HTC and LTC (Refer fig 2). The within-subject design for the presentation format will enable control over individual differences like spatial ability[56], cognitive style, comprehension abilities, which could confound the results [6] and also economize on the number of participants required for this study. Fig 2 2X2 Factorial Design Because display format was a within-subject factor, different task type were employed for each display format. The different task will have the same difficulty level so that this study can control for difference in task difficulty to have an effect on decision performance. Different task will control for the learning effect that could happen by repeatedly making the same type of decision with same task using different display format under different time dependent task. The participants might not use the interactive features provided in the DID even though it is provided to them. To control for that, the task assigned to DID will require manipulation of the data to arrive at the correct solution and the participants with the correct result will be rewarded with Bonus gift certificate to motivate them to use the interactive features of DID to arrive at the optimum result. Prior use and practice with a display format has an effect on performance [57] hence to control for that this study will allow participants to have experience with the visualization tool by giving them a brief 15 mins hands on training with the product. As discussed earlier this study uses the term First, the pretest will be conducted with a pilot group that will be demographically similar to the experiment participants to determine the average time required by the subject to reach the optimum solution. Based on this average time the two limits will be chosen to arrive at the High time constraint and low time constraint condition. HTC task is a financial decision making task that will be given to the subjects which involve both bottom up encoding and inferential processing under the High Time constraint in an environment when the decision makers are under time pressure. When there is insufficient time to complete a task, decision performance becomes unpredictable[58] and to control for that the subjects in the HTC treatment will be given a time limit which will be close to the average time required to reach the optimum solution so that they get sufficient time. Low time constraint (LTC) task is a different financial decision making task that will be given to the subjects which involves both bottom up encoding and inferential processing where the decision makers are not under any time pressure to complete the decision making task. Half of the participants were assigned to Dynamic graph with HCT task and DID with LCT task and the other half in reverse order. Participants were assigned randomly to each condition to reduce potential extraneous effects in the experiment. Participants For the main experiment the participation will be voluntary and the subjects will be selected from the pool of graduate and undergraduate students taking courses in finance, economics or business in a large university. To motivate the subjects to participate in this study they will be offered gift certificates. to encourage their participation in the experiment. The participants will have to fill out a standard form about their demographics, if they have experience with Motion charts, number of years at the university. For the results to have external validity, this study proposes to conduct the experiment with handful of executives from the industry who are entrusted with the task of decision making to increase the generalizability of results. Measurements The study will use the decision accuracy to measure the decision quality of the decision making performance. As discussed earlier this is a common measure used to measure decision making performance. To measure the problem comprehension this study will employ a validated comprehension study which has been used in prior studies on effects of information formats [59, 60]. To measure perceived usefulness of the display this study will use the validated survey used in prior studies to predict system usage [61]. Data Analysis Cronbach’s Alpha will be used to assess the reliability of the constructs. A repeated measure ANOVA will be run to analyze the effects of information display on decision making. Separate t-test will be conducted to compare the mean difference between DID and dynamic display for each of the task type to examine the nature of interaction effects. Significance of this Research The proposed study can contribute to both theory and practice. By a controlled laboratory experiment , it will empirically test the impact of Dynamic Interactive Display (DID) in decision making performance for high volume of data. Although DID today are available in a number of areas like accounting and finance (Electronic financial statements using XBRL eXtensible Business Reporting Language), geography (E.g. Active Maps), education (E.g. web based active textbook with animated interactive figures), medicine (E.g. Medical imaging), architecture (Floor plan, building plan) but the review of the literature suggests that the impact of DID has not been explored intensively in the IS field. This proposed study aims to provide empirical test of the theory of Cognitive Fit, in supporting that the impact of IT is limited which is contingent on whether a particular IT application, such as DID, is a good match with the requirement of processing high volume of data to complete a given task. The current study provides useful guidelines for design and use of dense, interactive visualizations towards effective business decision making. If Business want to want to improve decision making performance with high volume of data they can do it with DID. However, because there are so many visualization tools available for use that it is difficult to select the one that is useful for decision making under different time pressure. This proposed study will provide guideline for the usefulness of use DID for HTC and LTC task. These suggestions might help the decision makers and Visualization tool to enjoy the benefits of DID for the appropriate time-dependent task. The proposed study in crucial to understand whether DID has positive effects on decision making and if yes then under what conditions. Interaction can becomes become a powerful tool where users need to filter and zoom on subset of data. There might be information overload and the users might feel lost in the data. There can be added cost in giving access to several levels of data. We also need to understand if providing interactive display is appropriate for tasks which need to be completed under high time pressure and requires processing of high volume of data. This proposed study attempts to imply that DID might not be usable for all decision making context and it is important to understand when it is the most appropriate and use it accordingly to support decision making. References: 1. Shneiderman, B., Creating creativity: user interfaces for supporting innovation. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 2000. 7(1): p. 114-138. 2. Todd, P. and I. Benbasat, The impact of information technology on decision making: A cognitive perspective. Framing the domains of IT management—Projecting the future through the past, 2000. 3. Yahaya, A., Problem Solving. unspecified. 4. DeSanctis, G., COMPUTER GRAPHICS AS DECISION AIDS: DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH*. Decision Sciences, 1984. 15(4): p. 463-487. 5. Paivio, A., Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of psychology, 1991. 45(3): p. 255-287. 6. Sadoski, M. and A. Paivio, Imagery and text: A dual coding theory of reading and writing. 2001: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 7. Paivio, A., Mental representations. 1986: Clarendon Press Oxford [Oxfordshire. 8. Kahneman, D., Attention and effort. 1973: Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 9. Carpenter, P. and P. Shah, A model of the perce ptual and conceptual processes in graph comprehension. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED, 1998. 4: p. 75-100. 10. Weisberg, R., Metacognition and insight during problem solving: Comment on Metcalfe. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992. 18(2): p. 426-431. 11. Cleveland, W. and R. McGill, Graphical perception: Theory, experimentation, and application to the development of graphical methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1984: p. 531-554. 12. Tufte, E., The visual display of quantitative information. 1983. Envisioning information, 1990. 13. Rieber, L. and M. Boyce, The effects of computer animation on adult learning and retrieval tasks. Journal of Computer Based Instruction, 1990. 17(2): p. 46-52. 14. Morrison, J. and D. Vogel, The impacts of presentation visuals on persuasion. Information Management, 1998. 33(3): p. 125-135. 15. Tversky, B., J. Morrison, and M. Betrancourt, Animation: can it facilitate? International J ournal of Human Computer Studies, 2002. 57(4): p. 247-262. 16. Abdolmohammadi, M., J. Harris, and K. Smith, Government financial reporting on the Internet: The potential revolutionary effects of XBRL. Journal of Government Financial Management, 2002. 51(2): p. 24-31. 17. Debreceny, R. and G. Gray, The production and use of semantically rich accounting reports on the Internet: XML and XBRL. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 2001. 2(1): p. 47-74. 18. Vessey, I. and D. Galletta, Cognitive fit: An empirical study of information acquisition. Information Systems Research, 1991. 2(1): p. 63. 19. Eppler, M. and J. Mengis, The concept of information overload: A review of literature from organization science, accounting, marketing, MIS, and related disciplines. The Information Society, 2004. 20(5): p. 325-344. 20. Shneiderman, B., Tree visualization with tree-maps: 2-d space-filling approach. ACM Transactions on graphics (TOG), 1992. 11(1): p. 92-99. 21. Atallah, G., et al., Next Generation Network Management Technology. 1994. 22. Inselberg, A., et al. Parallel coordinates: a tool for visualizing multi-dimensionalgeometry. 1990. 23. Tufte, E., Sparklines: Intense, Simple, Word-sized Graphics. 2004, May. 24. Rosling, H., A. Rosling-Ronnlund, and O. Rosling. New software brings statistics beyond the eye. 25. Roncarelli, R., The Computer animation dictionary. 1989: Springer New York. 26. Sundberg, P., Animation in CALL: Learning to think in the fourth dimension. Paper Presentation CALICO, 1998. 98. 27. Lowe, R., Selectivity in diagrams: Reading beyond the lines. Educational Psychology, 1994. 14(4): p. 467-491. 28. Lowe, R., Animation and learning: selective processing of information in dynamic graphics. Learning and Instruction, 2003. 13(2): p. 157-176. 29. Lowe, R., Extracting information from an animation during complex visual processing. European Journal of the Psychology of Education, 1999. 14: p. 225-244. 30. Kiousis, S., Interactivity: A concep t explication. new media society, 2002. 4(3): p. 355. 31. Jiang, Z. and I. Benbasat, Research Note Investigating the Influence of the Functional Mechanisms of Online Product Presentations. Information Systems Research, 2007. 18(4): p. 454. 32. 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September Eleventh: The New Tragedy Essay -- History Historical Terror

September Eleventh: The New Tragedy History is written from the tragedies that occur through time. Wars, plagues, famines, and economic crises punctuate references in history books. We refer to time in pre and post event terms, and how our thinking has changed since the occurrence. We measure our lives in relation to deep sorrow that causes us to reconsider our self worth and the lives we lead. There have been several of these happenings in this century, pre world war I, post world war I, the depression era, post world war II, the Cold War, the post cold war, and now we have post September 11th. A new tragedy has been identified as a cause for us to reconsider our place in the world. This new tragedy is distinctive because it took place on U.S. territory and nowhere else. It has global effects, but this tragedy is the United States’ own to grapple with. The reason for this lies in the nature of the attack. The dictionary definition of terrorism is the state of intense fear, or the act of inflicting or inspiring fear. This new word fills our t.v.screens our conversations and affects our everyday coming and going. History will look upon the terrorists’ events of September 11th as a pivotal point in our country’s direction of growth. The United States has entered the real world of terrorism. Although we have long been apart of the international community, we have been sheltered and overconfident in our belief that we are impenetrable. We have falsely believed that terrorism is a problem for someone else’s country; no one would dare attack us. That belief has been shattered. We now face a new perspective on the rest of the world and on ourselves. It is a very personal attack in the sense that the Unite... ...oes not induce such anger and resentment so as to act irrationally. Terrorism has immeasurable effects on people. Fear is something that cannot be measured quantitatively. It can lead to many psychological behaviors that affect the way we look at the world. Will fighting terrorism reduce our civil liberties and the things that make us who we are? Do we have the possibility of loosing our identity because of the fear? If that is the case, terrorism has succeeded and it really won’t matter how many bombs we drop or how many leaders we kill that are linked to terrorist organizations. We will have become so entrapped by our fears we will be immobile and incapable of being who we are. So we come to a point in the our history that we must choose which direction we will take to deal with this and the story will go on until a new punctuation occurs.

Critical Lens the Odyseey and Ithaka

Ms. Zivas Critical Lens According to an unknown author, â€Å"It is not what an author states, but what he or she whispers that is important. † In other words, every detail in every book or work of literature has a more complex meaning than what is on the paper. Two works that prove this quote true are The Odyssey by Homer and â€Å"Ithaka† by Constantine Cavafy. The Odyssey by Homer is a metaphor for life. â€Å"It is the journey that makes up your life† as said by Tiresias, a blind prophet in The Odyssey. There are many life lessons or lessons learned in this work.For example, in the episode The Lotus Eaters, the lesson Homer meant to teach his listener was to resist temptations. Another lesson Homer meant to teach was that temptations can lead to danger. This was said in The Sirens episode. Life is a long but interesting path. One will never know what might happen. All of the creatures or characters in The Odyssey represent an obstacle someone might face in li fe. As said before, The Odyssey by Homer is a metaphor for life. â€Å"Ithaka† by Constantine Cavafy represents the road to death or the destination.In life, one can conquer any obstacle. This was portrayed in this poem. â€Å"Ithaka† was also used to explain that life should be lived to its fullest. The reader should get the experience to learn about foreign sensual learning. â€Å"Ithaka† provided its reader with an exciting and helpful story which had many moral lessons to be taught. The quote â€Å"It is not what an author states, but what he or she whispers that is important† really describes that the authors of both work of literature write more than what is on the paper. There is another story behind every book or poem.

French Love Vocabulary

French is often called the language of love. Here is some love-related French vocabulary. To know how to say I love you in French is more complicated than what it seems and not knowing exactly what you are saying could lead to a huge embarrassment, I suggest you check out my lesson about How To Say I Love You in French. French Love Vocabulary Lamour: loveLamitià ©: friendshipMon amour: my love (could be used as a French term of endearment, either for a man or a woman)Mon chà ©ri, ma chà ©rie: darling (note the i sound at the end)Je taime: I am in love with youJe laime: I am in love with him/herJe suis amoureux / amoureuse de toi, lui, elle, vous...: I am in love with you, him, her, you (formal or... plural !)Tomber Amoureux / amoureuse: to fall in love (not tomber en amour which is used in Canadian French but not in France)Est-ce que tu veux sortir avoir moi: would you like to go out with me?Est-ce que tu veux bien mà ©pouser: would you marry me? The bien here means are you willing to marry me, but its what we traditionally say.To kiss: embrasser, sembrasser. Not baiser... Im sorry to be vulgar but you need to be aware that un baiser is fine, it a kiss, but baiser as a verb nowadays means to f..k.A kiss: un baiser, un bisouLes fianà §ailles: engagementSe fiancer: to get engagedUn fiancà ©, une fiancà ©e: someone yo u are engaged to. But sometimes used to say someone you are just dating.Le mariage: marriage, wedding (only one R in French)Se marier avec qqun: to get married with someoneÉpouser quelquun: to marry someoneLa lune de miel: HoneymoonUn mari: a husbandUne femme: a wifeUn petit-ami: a boyfriendUne petite-amie: a girlfriend